GEOLOGY FREE NOTES

                                            FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Fundamental Rights are those fundamental legal  protections that are provided for every citizen in India under the Indian Constitution to protect the very fabric of democracy in the country .  They ensure the personal liberties and dignity of individuals, protecting their rights against any type of misuse at the hands of the state-instituted arbitrary or unjust actions.  The purpose of these rights is to build an equal society where there is no preferential treatment and equality is upheld, hence providing social justice.  It is within Part III of the Indian Constitution that all these rights are residing, and thus, are presented as important for democracy to remain intact along with the right of every citizen to live with dignity and freedom. Why do we call them “Fundamental” Rights? Fundamental ...

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    MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY MCQ (1 Mark) 1) Which of the following property is not seen under XPL? A) Interference Color B) Extinction C) Pleochroism D) Interference Figure 2) In the holosymmetric class of the Cubic System, how many more faces does the {110} form have compared to the {111} form? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 3) Which of the following minerals crystallizes in the monoclinic system? A) Pigeonite B) Tourmaline C) Beryl D) Pyrite 4) Match the crystal forms (listed in Group I) with their corresponding number of faces (listed in Group II). A) Rhombohedron B) Dodecahedron C) Tetrahedron D) Dome 5) Silicon is the most abundant element (after oxygen) in which of the following options? A) In the bulk earth composition B) In the crustal composition C) In the core composition D) None of the above 6) Which of the following mineral is not showing two sets of cleavage? A) Hornblende B) Augite C) Anorthite D) Biotite 7) Match the minerals in Group I with their respective silicat...

                            GENERAL GEOLOGY   Universe The universe encompasses everything that exists, including all of space, matter, and energy. It is often described as flat in shape. The age of the universe is approximately  13.6 billion years (Ga) . Abundance of Elements in the Solar System The most abundant elements in the solar system are  Hydrogen (H)  and  Helium (He) . The sequence of abundance is:  H > He > O > Si > Fe . Magnetic Field of the Sun The Sun exhibits a magnetic field due to internal convection or convective motion. The Sun’s surface magnetic field ranges from  0.0001 to 0.0002 Tesla . In sunspots, the magnetic field is stronger, ranging from  0.001 to 0.01 Tesla . The  main sequence  is the stage where a star spends most of its existence. Oort Cloud The radius of the Oort Cloud is approximately  50,000 AU  (Astronomical Un...