GENERAL GEOLOGY

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                            GENERAL GEOLOGY 


Universe

  • The universe encompasses everything that exists, including all of space, matter, and energy.

  • It is often described as flat in shape.

  • The age of the universe is approximately 13.6 billion years (Ga).


Abundance of Elements in the Solar System

  • The most abundant elements in the solar system are Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He).

  • The sequence of abundance is: H > He > O > Si > Fe.


Magnetic Field of the Sun

  • The Sun exhibits a magnetic field due to internal convection or convective motion.

  • The Sun’s surface magnetic field ranges from 0.0001 to 0.0002 Tesla.

  • In sunspots, the magnetic field is stronger, ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 Tesla.

  • The main sequence is the stage where a star spends most of its existence.


Oort Cloud

  • The radius of the Oort Cloud is approximately 50,000 AU (Astronomical Units).

  • 1 AU = 1.49 × 10^8 km.












  INNER VS OUTER PLANETS


Inner planet

Outer planet

Smaller in size

Larger in size

Mass deficient

Excessive mass

Less number of moons

More number of moon

High density

Low density

No ring System

Have ring system

Low magnetism

High magnetism 


Inner Planets

  • Smaller in size.

  • Mass deficient.

  • Fewer moons.

  • High density.

  • No ring system.

  • Low magnetism.


Outer Planets

  • Larger in size.

  • Excessive mass.

  • More moons.

  • Low density.

  • Have ring systems.

  • High magnetism.



PLANETS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Inner Planets

PlanetDensity         Number of Moons Important Satellites
Mercury5.4 g/cc                  None                         None
Venus5.2 g/cc                  None      None
Earth5.5 g/cc1                   1      Moon
Mars3.9 g/cc2                   2    Phobos, Deimos

Outer Planets

PlanetDensity           Number of Moons  Important Satellites
Jupiter1.4 g/cc                     79     Ganymede (Largest)
Saturn0.7 g/cc                     82     Titan
Uranus1.3 g/cc                     27     Miranda, Ariel
Neptune1.6 g/cc                     14       Triton, Proteus


PLANET DETAILS


Mercury

  • Second most dense planet (5.4 g/cc).

  • Smallest planet with no moons.

  • Closest planet to the Sun; ice deposits found.

  • Very thin atmosphere and weak magnetic field.


Venus

  • Hottest planet with a toxic environment (96% CO₂).

  • Shows retrograde rotation (clockwise).

  • Known as the Evening Star or Morning Star.

  • Often called the twin sister of Earth.

  • Obliquity = 177°, Density = 5.2 g/cc.

  • No moons or rings.


Earth

  • Highest density planet (5.5 g/cc).

  • Known as the Blue Planet.

  • Has one moon.

  • Atmosphere composition: Nitrogen (78%) > Oxygen (20.9%) > Argon (0.9%) > CO₂ (0.04%).

  • Perfect place for life.


Mars

  • Known as the Red Planet.

  • Density = 3.9 g/cc.

  • Two satellites: Phobos and Deimos (Deimos is the smallest satellite).

  • Dynamic planet with seasons, weather, and canyons.


Jupiter

  • Largest planet with 79 moons.

  • Fastest rotation (less than 10 hours per rotation).

  • Has the maximum mass and maximum angular momentum.

  • Strongest magnetic field.

  • Density = 1.4 g/cc.

  • Largest satellite: Ganymede.


Saturn

  • Second largest planet with 82 moons.

  • Density less than water (687 kg/m³).

  • Most spectacular ring system with 7 rings.

  • Highest polar flattening.


Uranus

  • Known as the Green Planet.

  • Shows retrograde rotation (97.6°).

  • Has 27 moons.

  • Made up of icy materials.

  • Density = 1.3 g/cc.


Neptune

  • Farthest planet from the Sun.

  • Coldest planet.

  • Density = 1.6 g/cc.

  • Has 14 moons.

  • Densest outer planet.



DWARF PLANETS

  • Dwarf planets are celestial bodies that are neither planets nor satellites.

  • They orbit the Sun alongside other objects like asteroids and comets.

  • They are massive enough to maintain a shape in hydrostatic equilibrium under their own gravity.



SOME FACTS ABOUT PLANETS

  1. Biggest Planet: Jupiter

  2. Biggest Satellite: Ganymede (Jupiter)

  3. Blue Planet: Earth

  4. Green Planet: Uranus

  5. Brightest Planet: Venus

  6. Brightest Object Outside Solar System: Sirius

  7. Closest Star to Solar System: Proxima Centauri

  8. Coldest Planet: Neptune

  9. Evening Star: Venus

  10. Farthest Planet from Sun: Neptune

  11. Maximum Number of Satellites: Saturn (82)

  12. Fastest Revolution in Solar System: Mercury

  13. Hottest Planet: Venus (96% CO₂)

  14. Densest Planet: Earth

  15. Fastest Rotation in Solar System: Jupiter

  16. Morning Star/Evening Star: Venus

  17. Nearest Planet to Earth: Venus

  18. Nearest Planet to Sun: Mercury

  19. Red Planet: Mars

  20. Slowest Revolution in Solar System: Neptune

  21. Slowest Rotation in Solar System: Venus

  22. Smallest Planet: Mercury

  23. Smallest Satellite: Deimos (Mars)

  24. Earth's Twin Sister: Venus

  25. Atmosphere Like Earth: Titan (Saturn)

  26. Present Eccentricity of Earth: 0.0167

  27. Present Obliquity of Earth: 23.45°

  28. Retrograde Motion: Venus and Uranus



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