ORE MINERAL AND INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

         ORE MINERAL AND INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

IRON

• Abundant element in whole earth (Fe>O>Si>Mg)

• Second abundant metal in crust (Al>Fe)

• OXIDES

  • Hematite - Fe2O3

  • Magnetite - Fe3O4

  • Turgite - 2Fe2O3-H2O

  • Goethite (Limonite) - Fe2O3-H2O

• SULPHIDE

  • Pyrite - FeS2

• CARBONATE

• Siderite

INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

1. Gorumohisani iron ore deposit - Mayurbhanj (Odisha) - Singhum craton

2. Barajamda iron ore deposits - Keonjhar (Odisha).

3. Tomka and daitari Iron ore deposits - Jajpur (Odisha)

4. Noamundi Iron ore deposit - Singhbhum (Jharkhand)

5. Chiria Inore deposit - Singhbhum (Jharkhand)

6. Biiladila iron ore deposits - Bastar (Chattishgarh) - Bastar craton

7. Dhalli-Rajhara Iron ore deposits - Durg (Chhattishgarh)

8. Kudremukh Iron ore deposit - Chikmaglur (Karnataka)

9. Bababudan hill lron ore deposit - Chikmaglur (Karnataka)

10. Goa Iron ore deposit - Goa (Blue dust found)

MODE OF OCCURENCE

• BIF - Chemical or biochemical process

• Magnetite or Titaniferous magnetite - Magmatic

• Fe-Ti in Anorthosite (Crystal fractionation)

• Apatite-Magnetite in Andesite or Diorite in Kiruna (Liquid fractionation)

COPPER

• Host is mainly Granitic rocks

• Bulk of copper is obtained from Sulphide ore

• OXIDES

  • Cuprite - Cu₂ O

  • Tenorite - CuO

  • Chrysocolla - CuSiO3.H2O

• SULPHIDES

  • Chalcopyrite - CuFeS₂

  • Bornite - Cu5 FeS4 (peacock ore).

  • Chalcocite - Cu₂ S

  • Covellite - Cu S

  • Enargite - Cu3 As S4

  • Tetrahedrite - (Cu,Fe)₁₂ Sb₄ S₁₃ (grey copper)

• CARBONATE

  • Malachite - CuCO₃ Cu (OH)₂

  • Azurite - 2CuCO₃ Cu (OH)₂

INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

1. Khetri Copper ore deposit - Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan)

2. Mosabani & Rakha Copper ore deposit - Singhbum (Jharkhand) - SBM craton

3. Rangpo Copper ore deposit - (Sikkim)

4. Malanjkhand Copper ore deposit - Balaghat (M.P.) - Bastar craton

5. Agnigundla Copper : Andhrapradesh

MODE OF OCCURENCE

• Porphyry Cu deposit : Hydrothermal

• VMS deposit (Cu-Zn-Pb)

• Vein deposits or lode deposits

MANGANESE

• OXIDES

  • Pyrolusite - MnO2'

  • Psilomelane - (Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10

  • Manganite - MnO.OH

  • Brownite - Mn2O3

  • Hausmanite - Mn3O4

  • Hollandite

• CARBONATE

  • Rhodochrosite - MnCO3

• SILICATE

  • Rhodonite - MnSiO3

INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

1. Barvelli/Ukawa Mn ore deposit - Balaghat (M.P.)

2. Kajlidongari Mn ore deposit - Jhabua (M.P.)

3. Mansar, Lohangi and Kandri Mn ore deposits -Nagpur (Maharashtra) -

Bastar(Sausar gp)

• MANSAR FORMATION - Gonditic type (host rock : Graphitic schist)

• LOHANGI FORMATION - (host rock : Carbonate dolomitic)

4. Jamda-Koira, Bonai, Barbil, Nandih

5. Valley Mn ore deposits - Keonjhar (Odisha)

6. Tumkur Mn ore deposit - Bellary (Karnataka)

MODE OF OCCURENCE

• Sedimentary Mn : Chemical or Biochemical process

GOLD

• Only found in native form

• Very high specific gravity (19.32)

• Hardness : 3

INDIAN DISTRIBUTION

1. Kolar Gold field - Kolar (Karnataka) - Eastern Dharwar

2. Hutti Gold field - Raichur (Karnataka) - Eastern Dharwar

3. Gadag Gold field - Dharwar (Karnataka)

4. Ramgiri (Andhrapradesh)

5. Wynaad Gold

6. Kundra - kocha (Chhotnagpur)

7. Gogi

MODE OF OCCURENCE

1. Orogenic gold (Au) deposit - lode, vein type gold deposit

2. Carlin type gold deposit - sediment hosted and disseminated

3. IOCG deposit (Cu-Au-U) - Olympian dam (largest IOCG deposit)

4. Placer deposits : Eluvial (Gold, Tin, Cu) , Alluvial placers

LEAD AND ZINC

• LEAD

  • Galena - PbS

  • Cerussite - PbCO3

  • Anglesite - PbSO4

• ZINC

• Sphalerite - ZnS

• Smithsonite - ZnCO3

• Zincite

MODE OF OCCURENCE

1. Zawar-Mala Pb-Zn ore deposit - Udaipur (Rajasthan) - Host rock : Dolomitic

2. Rajpura-Dariba Pb-Zn ore deposit - Udaipur (Rajasthan) - Carbonate host

3. Rampura/Agucha & Devpura Pb-Zn ore-deposit - Bhilwara (Rajasthan) : GMS

4. Sargipalli Pb-Zn ore deposit - Sundergarh (Odisha)

5. Hesathu Belbathan belt

6. Askot Pb-Zn ore deposit - Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand)

NICKEL

• Pentlandite - (Fe, Ni) S

• Millerite - NiS

• Niccolite - Ni As

• Garnierite - Hydrated nickeliferous magnesium silicate

COBALT

• Linnaite - CO₃S₄

• Cobaltite - COAsS

• Smaltite - COAs₂

• Absolite - CO-Oxide with oxide of Mn sometimes up to 50%

TITANIUM

• Ilmenite - FeO TiO2 (Hexagonal)

• Rutile - TiO2 (Tetragonal)

• Anatase - TiO2 (Tetragonal)

• Brookite - TiO2 (Orthorhombic)

TIN

• Cassiterite, or tinstone - (SnO2)

• Stannite - (Cu2FeSnS4)

• Cylindrite - (PbSn4FeSb2S14)

TUNGSTEN

• Wolframite - (Fe, Mn) WO4

• Scheelite - CaWO4

• Tungstite - WO3 (Tungstic ochre)

ALUMINIUM

• Gibbsite : Al2O3. 3 H2O

• Boehmite : Al2O3. H2O

• Diaspore : AlO(OH)

• Bauxite is consist of these three minerals.

ORIGIN

• Formed due to residual process

• Insitu chemical weathering mainly

CONDITION FOR FORMATION OF BAUXITE

• Humid Tropical to subtropical region

• High rainfall

• Gently dipping beds

• Source rock must be rich in Alumina

TYPES OF DEPOSITS

• Blanket type : most of indian deposits are of blanket type

• Pocket type

• Inter stratified bedded deposits

DISTRIBUTION

• Ranchi and Palamau : Bihar

• Koraput, Sambalpur : Odisha

• Vizag : AP

• Sarguja, Bilaspur : MP

• Palamau

CHROMITE

• Composition : FeCr2O4

• Associated with ultramafic rocks of magmatic origin and ophiolites

• Two types

  • Stratiform : associated with layered mafic intrusion

  • Podiform : associated with ophiolites

DISTRIBUTION

• Nuasahi (Cuttack) - Ultramafic rocks , Keonjhar : Odisha

• Jojohatu, Roroburu : Bihar

• Bhandara : Maharastra

• Kondapalle (Krishna dist) : AP

• Sitampundi : Tamilnadu

MICA

• Hydrous silicate aluminium mineral

• Crystal system : Monoclinic

• Shows Sheet silicates , Mottled extinction, 1 set basal cleavage

• Associated with Pegmatitic deposits

VARIETIES OF MICA

• Muscovite : white mica or potash mica

• Biotite : black mica

• Phlogopite : amber mica

• Lepidolite : lithium mica

• Zinnwaldite : lithium-iron mica

• Roscoelite : vanadium mica

• Fuschite : chrome mica

DISTRIBUTION

• Koderma mica belt : Bihar

• Nellore mica belt : AP

• Rajastan mica belt : Rajastan

MAGNESITE

• Doesnot occur free in nature

• Important magnesium minerals

  • Magnesite : MgCO3

  • Dolomite : MgCO5, CaCO3

  • Brucite : Mg(OH)3

  • Periclase : MgO

  • Spinel : MgAl2O4

  • Forsterite : Mg2SiO4

• Formed due to residual concentration

DISTRIBUTION

• Chalk Hills Mg ore deposit - Salem (Tamil Nadu)

• Almora Mg ore deposit - Almora (Uttarakhand)

• Pithoragarh deposit Mg ore deposit - Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand)

KYANITE

• Shows dual hardness and bladed habit

• Belongs to Aluminosilicates (Al2SiO5)

• Formed due to regional metamorphism

DISTRIBUTION

• Lapsa-Buru Kyanite deposit (Largest) - Singhbhum (Jharkhand)

• Sonapahar Sillimanite deposit - Khasi and Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya)

FLUORITE

• Shows octahedral cleavage and Fluoroscence

• Composition : CaF2

DISTRIBUTION

• Amba Dungar Fluorite deposit - Barodara (Gujarat)

• Balda Fluorite deposit - Sirohi (Rajasthan)

• Dongargaon, Maharastra

STRATIGRAPHIC ECONOMICAL DISTRIBUTION

• DHARWAR CRATON

  • Chromite, Magnesite : Sargur

  • Gold : Gadag (WDC), Hutti - Kolar (EDC)

  • Iron : Chitradurga, sargur

  • Manganese : Shimoga

• SINGBHUM CRATON

  • Chromite : Sukinda Nuasahi

  • Iron : Badampahar(Iron ore gp), Gurumahisani, Jamdakoira

  • Uranium : Jaduguda mine

• BASTAR CRATON

  • SAUSAR GROUP

    • Manganese : Mansar (Graphitic schist) , Lohangi (carbonate)

  • Porphyry copper : Malanjhkhand

  • BIF (Iron) : Bailadila gp

  • Gold : Sonakhan gp.

  • Bijli rhyolite, Pitepani volcanics : Nandgaon gp

• ARAVALI CRATON

  • ARAVALI SUPERGROUP

    • Lead-Zinc: Zawar (Dolomitic), Rajpura - Dariba, Pur banera

  • Phosphorite : Jhamorkota

  • Gold : Bhukia

  • Copper : Khetri

  • Tungsten : Degana, Balda, Sewariya-Govindgarh

  • Marble : Makrana

• EASTERN GHAT MOBILE BELT

  • Bauxite deposits : Koraput, Gandhamardhan

  • Charnockites : Hypersthene+Qtz+Fldsp

  • Khondalites : Silimanite + Garnet + Qtz + Fldsp

  • Kodurites : Manganese rich gneisses

  • Gondites : Sausar belt - Mn bearing (Spst+Rhodonite+Apatite)

  • Mica : Nellore-Khama mica belt

• CUDDAPAH BASIN

  • Baryte, asbestos : Vempalle, Pulivendla

  • Diamond : Bengampalle - Kurnool gp

  • Uranium : Gulcheru fm

  • Base metal : Cumbum, Vempalle and Tadapatri

• VINDHYAN BASIN

  • Diamond : Rewa fm of Panna district

  • Limestone : Bhander and Semri

  • Fawn limestone : Khenjua fm of Semri gp

• GONDWANA SUPERGROUP

  • Bituminous Coal : Lower gondwana

    • Talchir : Glacial beds

    • Barakar : Most bituminous coal found

  • Ironstones : Kulti fm or Barren measure

  • Flora are abundant here

• JURASSIC OF KUTCH

  • Umia : Umia bed, Ukra bed, trigonia bed

  • Katrol fm: Gajansar beds

  • Chari fm : Dhosa oolite, Rehmani bed, macrocephalus

  • Pacham : Coral beds